HashiCorp Consul Service Mesh on Kubernetes Series - Part 3 - Traffic Management

Efficient traffic management is essential for maintaining application reliability, optimizing performance, and implementing advanced deployment strategies in a service mesh. HashiCorp Consul provides powerful traffic management capabilities through service routers, splitters, and resolvers. In this section, we explore request routing, traffic shifting, request timeouts, and circuit breaking.

Request Routing

This section shows you how to route requests dynamically to multiple versions of a microservice.

The Bookinfo sample consists of four separate microservices, each with multiple versions. Three different versions of one of the microservices, reviews, have been deployed and are running concurrently. To illustrate the problem this causes, access the Bookinfo app’s /productpage in a browser and refresh several times.

HashiCorp Consul Service Mesh on Kubernetes Series - Part 4 - Security

Security is a fundamental aspect of any service mesh, ensuring that all service-to-service communication is secure, controlled, and auditable. HashiCorp Consul provides robust security features, including mutual TLS (mTLS), access control, and rate limiting.

mTLS

In this section, we will demonstrate mTLS with Consul. Consul enables and strictly enforces mTLS by default. All traffic sent through the Consul Connect Service Mesh is encrypted.

This section is slightly different from the Istio mTLS section because:

HashiCorp Vault Enterprise - Performance Replication on Kubernetes

This blog post dives into the technical implementation of Vault Enterprise replication within a Kubernetes environment. We’ll explore how to set up performance and disaster recovery replication, overcome common challenges, and ensure smooth synchronization between clusters. Whether you’re aiming for redundancy or better data locality, this guide will equip you with the insights and tools needed to leverage Vault’s enterprise-grade features in Kubernetes effectively.

Architecture

Prerequisites

• 2 Kubernetes clusters. *Note: for simulation purposes, you can also use a single Kubernetes cluster with multiple namespaces to host both Vault clusters.
• Helm installed
• kubectl installed
• Vault CLI installed
• jq installed
• Vault Enterprise license

Note: for this implementation LoadBalancer services are used on Kubernetes to expose the Vault services (the API/UI and the cluster address for replication). It is highly recommended to use a LoadBalancer rather than ingress to expose the cluster address for replication. Vault itself performs the TLS termination as the TLS certificates are mounted to the Vault pods from Kubernetes. Additionally, note that when enabling the replication, the primary cluster points to the secondary cluster address (port 8201) and not the API/UI address (port 8200). When the secondary cluster applies the replication token, however, it points to the API/UI address (port 8200) to unwrap it and compelete the setup of the replication. We will see this in more detail in the implementation section.

Harbor Registry - Automating LDAP/S Configuration - Part 1

The Harbor Registry is involved in many of my Kubernetes implementations in the field, and in almost every implementation I am asked about the options to configure LDAP/S authentication for the registry. Unfortuntely, neither the community Helm chart nor the Tanzu Harbor package provides native inputs for this setup. Fortunately, the Harbor REST API enables LDAP configuration programmatically. Automating this process ensures consistency across environments, faster deployments, and reduced chances of human error.

HashiCorp Vault Intermediate CA Setup with Cert-Manager and Microsoft Root CA

In this post, we’ll explore how to set up HashiCorp Vault as an Intermediate Certificate Authority (CA) on a Kubernetes cluster, using a Microsoft CA as the Root CA. We’ll then integrate this setup with cert-manager, a powerful Kubernetes add-on for automating the management and issuance of TLS certificates.

The following is an architecture diagram for the use case I’ve built.

• A Microsoft Windows server is used as the Root CA of the environment.
• A Kubernetes cluster hosting shared/common services, including HashiCorp Vault. This is a cluster that can serve many other purposes/solutions, consumed by other clusters. The Vault server is deployed on this cluster and serves as an intermediate CA server, under the Microsoft Root CA server.
• A second Kubernetes cluster hosting the application(s). Cert-Manager is deployed on this cluster, integrated with Vault, and handles the management and issuance of TLS certificates against Vault using the ClusterIssuer resource. A web application, exposed via ingress, is running on this cluster. The ingress resource consumes its TLS certificate from Vault.

Prerequisites

• Atleast one running Kubernetes cluster. To follow along, you will need two Kubernetes clusters, one serving as the shared services cluster and the other as the workload/application cluster.
• Access to a Microsoft Root Certificate Authority (CA).
• The Helm CLI installed.
• Clone my GitHub repository. This repository contains all involved manifests, files and configurations needed.

Setting Up HashiCorp Vault as Intermediate CA

Deploy Initialize and Configure Vault

Install the Vault CLI. In the following example, Linux Ubuntu is used. If you are using a different operating system, refer to these instructions.

Using HashiCorp Vault as Ingress TLS Certificate Issuer in TAP

Using HashiCorp Vault as Ingress TLS Certificate Issuer in TAP

Tanzu Application Platform (TAP) uses Contour HTTPProxy resources to expose several web components externally via ingress. Some of these components include the API Auto Registration, API Portal, Application Live View, Metadata Store, and TAP GUI. Web workloads deployed through TAP also leverage the same method for their ingress resources. For example:

$ kubectl get httpproxy -A

NAMESPACE               NAME                                                              FQDN                                                     TLS SECRET                                               STATUS   STATUS DESCRIPTION
api-auto-registration   api-auto-registration-controller                                  api-auto-registration.tap.cloudnativeapps.cloud          api-auto-registration-cert                               valid    Valid HTTPProxy
api-portal              api-portal                                                        api-portal.tap.cloudnativeapps.cloud                     api-portal-tls-cert                                      valid    Valid HTTPProxy
app-live-view           appliveview                                                       appliveview.tap.cloudnativeapps.cloud                    appliveview-cert                                         valid    Valid HTTPProxy
metadata-store          amr-cloudevent-handler-ingress                                    amr-cloudevent-handler.tap.cloudnativeapps.cloud         amr-cloudevent-handler-ingress-cert                      valid    Valid HTTPProxy
metadata-store          amr-graphql-ingress                                               amr-graphql.tap.cloudnativeapps.cloud                    amr-ingress-cert                                         valid    Valid HTTPProxy
metadata-store          metadata-store-ingress                                            metadata-store.tap.cloudnativeapps.cloud                 ingress-cert                                             valid    Valid HTTPProxy
tap-demo-01             spring-petclinic-contour-76691bbb1936a7b010ca900ce58a3f57spring   spring-petclinic.tap-demo-01.svc.cluster.local                                                                    valid    Valid HTTPProxy
tap-demo-01             spring-petclinic-contour-88f827fbdc09abbb4ee2b887bba100edspring   spring-petclinic.tap-demo-01.tap.cloudnativeapps.cloud   tap-demo-01/route-a4b7b2c7-0a56-48b9-ad26-6b0e06ca1925   valid    Valid HTTPProxy
tap-demo-01             spring-petclinic-contour-spring-petclinic.tap-demo-01             spring-petclinic.tap-demo-01                                                                                      valid    Valid HTTPProxy
tap-demo-01             spring-petclinic-contour-spring-petclinic.tap-demo-01.svc         spring-petclinic.tap-demo-01.svc                                                                                  valid    Valid HTTPProxy
tap-gui                 tap-gui                                                           tap-gui.tap.cloudnativeapps.cloud                        tap-gui-cert                                             valid    Valid HTTPProxy

TAP uses a shared ingress issuer as a centralized certificate authority representation, providing a method to set up TLS for the entire platform. All participating components get their ingress certificates issued by it. This is the recommended best practice for issuing ingress certificates on the platform.

CAPV: Addressing Node Provisioning Issues Due to an Invalid State of ETCD

I recently ran into a strange scenario on a Kubernetes cluster after a sudden and unexpected crash it had experienced due to an issue in the underlying vSphere environment. In this case, the cluster was a TKG cluster (in fact, it happened to be the TKG management cluster), however, the same situation could have occurred on any cluster managed by Cluster API Provider vSphere (CAPV).

I have seen clusters unexpectedly crash many times before and most of the time, they successfully went back online when all nodes were up and running. In this case, however, some of the nodes could not boot properly, and Cluster API started attempting their reconciliation.